Week 1: The Effectiveness Mindset
“We are always in triage. I fervently hope that one day we will be able to save everyone. In the meantime, it is irresponsible to pretend that we aren’t making life and death decisions with the allocation of our resources. Pretending there is no choice only makes our decisions worse." - Holly Elmore
Over the course of Week 1 and 2, we aim to introduce you to the core principles of Effective Altruism. This week we’ll investigate what opportunities to do good we have available to us; come to terms with the tradeoffs we face in our altruistic efforts, and explore tools that can help us find unusually high impact opportunities.
Some of this content has been created with people in high-income countries in mind, however, we hope it can still be valuable to fellows who aren’t from high-income countries. We are actively seeking ways to make this programme as useful as possible to people from all backgrounds, and welcome your feedback on ways it can be improved.
Core materials
Please note: Throughout this fellowship, the core materials and exercises - for weeks that have them - will be the focus of your discussions sessions. Please treat these as mandatory. On the contrary, the recommended readings, criticisms, and more to explore sections are optional extra resources for you to look at if you’re especially interested.
Doing Good Better - Introduction up to and including Chapter 3 (70 mins.)
One important caveat on Doing Good Better is that its intended audience is people living in high-income countries. We understand that the premise of chapter 1, that you are in the global 1%, may not apply to everyone in this fellowship, and we do not wish for this to lead to feelings of exclusion.
The important things to consider when reading through Doing Good Better are the concepts and broad arguments it presents, as opposed to the specific examples it highlights.
Chapter 1 highlights the tremendous privilege most people in high-income countries are born with, and the opportunities to do good that this presents if used effectively.
Chapter 2 discusses the use of quantitative reasoning when trying to allocate scarce resources.
Chapter 3 discusses the variance in impact between interventions, and the fact that some interventions are overwhelmingly more impactful than others.
Then check out these, which relate to how we’d like you to approach our discussion sessions:
Why "scout mindset" is crucial to good judgment | Julia Galef | TEDxPSU (Video - 12 mins.)
Fox vs. Hedgehog - Explanation and examples - Discussing two different modes of viewing the world and forming judgements. (3 mins.)
Stop saying “I can’t understand” (Video - 4 mins. - watch 0:00-3:34 and 6:23-6:57, i.e., you can skip Julia’s examples on mystery aesthetic and near/far view)
Recommended reading
Introduction to EA | Ajeya Cotra | EAGxBerkeley 2016 (Video - 30 mins.)
No matter your job, here’s 3 evidence-based ways anyone can have a real impact - 80,000 Hours (20 mins.)
Excited altruism - GiveWell - Where does our own passion and excitement fit into the picture? (10 mins.)
The lack of controversy over well-targeted aid - GiveWell (15 mins.)
Criticisms against RCT-based charities
Growth and the case against randomista development - An argument that research on and advocacy for economic growth in low- and middle-income countries is more cost-effective than the things funded by proponents of randomised controlled trials development. (60 mins - if you’re short on time, read Sections 1-3)
Q&A with Elie Hassenfeld Elie, the CEO and co-founder of GiveWell, discusses his organization’s latest research, his views on economic growth, and what he’s changed his mind on lately (60 mins.)
‘Criticisms of EA’ Section from here: The Lessons of Effective Altruism | Ethics & International Affairs
More to explore
Doing Good Better - Chapter 4 (20 mins.)
Chapter 4 is very much aimed at people in high-income countries who have no first-hand knowledge of the best place to donate in disaster relief, and we understand that there are times, such as Effective donations for Covid-19 in India (see comment below) when donating to disaster relief is a very effective use of one’s income.
Chapter 4 presents the concept of neglectedness (that some problems are comparatively ignored or don’t receive much attention or resources), and the implications this has when trying to do the most good.
500 Million, But Not a Single One More (5 mins.)
The value of a life - Minding Our Own Way - Disentangling the difference between the value of a life and what it costs to save a life in our broken world. (15 mins.)
Tradeoffs - How can we balance our own needs with the needs of others? (5 mins.)
Save a life or receive cash? Which do recipients want? - IDinsight - Explores the preferences and values of individuals and communities in Ghana and Kenya to inform funding allocations. (10 mins.)
Reasoning Transparency - Open Philanthropy Project - A guide on how to write while being more transparent on the reasoning behind your views. (25 mins.)